Broad Leaf Mustard (Rayo)

रायोको साग (Rayo ko Saag)

📖 Brassica juncea var. rugosa (Roxb.) N. Tsen

Verified Agricultural Data (NARC) Leafy Greens 📅 Bhadra (भाद्र) – Falgun (फागुन) 🌡️ 10–22°C ⚗️ pH 6.0–7.2 ⏱️ 30-45 days (first cut)

Growing Season & Schedule

🌱

Recommended Growing Window: Bhadra (भाद्र) – Falgun (फागुन)

Rayo matures rapidly in 30 to 45 days for first harvest, allowing multiple cuts throughout autumn and winter. Plant seeds in rows from August to November across hills and Terai.

Description & Overview

The definitive national green leafy vegetable of Nepal. Famous cultivars such as Marpha Broad Leaf (मार्फा रायो), Khumal Broadleaf, and Red Giant flourish across hill terraces. Widely eaten fresh, sauteed, and traditionally fermented into Gundruk.

Details & Agronomic Insights

🌟 Positive Attributes & Health Benefits

Superb source of Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin K, and glucosinolates. Boosts ocular health, strengthens bone density, and supports natural body detoxification.

⚠️ Precautions & Adverse Notes

High oxalates content; individuals prone to kidney stones should consume in moderation. May cause mild goitrogenic effects if eaten raw in excess.

🐛 Major Diseases & Pests

Alternaria Leaf Spot, White Rust (Albugo candida), Powdery Mildew, and Mustard Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) infestations.

💊 Disease & Pest Solutions

Spray Neem seed kernel extract (5%) or Dimethoate 30 EC (1.5 mL/L) during severe aphid attacks.
Spray Copper Oxychloride (2.5 g/L) or Mancozeb (2 g/L) to prevent leaf spot and white rust.
Ensure optimum row spacing and avoid sprinkler irrigation on foliage during humid evenings.

🧪 Fertilizer & Nutrition Recommendations

Apply 15-20 tons FYM/ha during field preparation. Chemical NPK at 80:40:40 kg/ha. Top dress 20 kg N/ha after each foliage cutting to stimulate rapid regrowth.

Planting & Cultivation Guide

🌱 Planting Method Direct Seeding

📏 Seed Depth 1.0 cm

↔️ Seed Spacing 15.0 cm

📐 Row Spacing 30.0 cm

🪱 Soil Type Loose fertile loam with ample organic compost

💧 Water Requirement Medium (300-450 mm, frequent light irrigation)

☀️ Sunlight Full Sun to Partial Sun (4-6 hours)

🧪 NPK Dose 80:40:40 NPK kg/ha + 10 t/ha FYM

Climate & Altitude Requirements

⛰️ Altitude Range 100–2800 m

🗺️ Suitable Regions Terai, Mid-Hills, High-Hills

🌡️ Temperature Range 10–22°C

⚗️ Optimal pH 6.0–7.2

Harvest Information & Yield

⏱️ Maturity Days 30-45 days (first cut)

📦 Expected Yield 15 - 25 t/ha (multiple harvests)

🔍 Harvest Indicators:

Leaves reach 20-25 cm length; outer leaves harvested progressively

Crop Photo Gallery

रायोको साग (Rayo ko Saag) (Primary Photo)

Broad Leaf Mustard (Rayo) — Field View #2

Broad Leaf Mustard (Rayo) — Field View #3

Healthy Marpha Broad Leaf Mustard (Rayo) Plant

Seasonal Calendar — रोप्ने पात्रो

Activity / कार्य	Start Month (BS)	End Month (BS)	Region / क्षेत्र	Gregorian Window
🌱 Sowing	भाद्र (Bhadra)	कार्तिक (Kartik)	All Nepal	August - October
🌾 Harvesting	कार्तिक (Kartik)	फागुन (Falgun)	All Nepal	October - February
🌱 Sowing	मंसिर (Mangsir)	मंसिर (Mangsir)	Terai (तराई)	November - December

Quick Reference

Verified

🌱 Method Direct Seeding

📅 Season Bhadra (भाद्र) – Falgun (फागुन)

⏱️ Matures 30-45 days (first cut)

💧 Water Medium (300-450 mm, frequent light irrigation)

☀️ Sunlight Full Sun to Partial Sun (4-6 hours)

🪱 Soil Loose fertile loam with ample organic compost

🗺️ Regions Terai, Mid-Hills, High-Hills

🌡️ Temp 10–22°C

⚗️ pH 6.0–7.2

📏 Depth 1.0 cm

📦 Yield 15 - 25 t/ha (multiple harvests)

📅 Planting Calendar 🩺 Plant Doctor AI

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