बिरुवाका रोग किरा पहिचान गरी सही उपचार विधि अपनाउनुहोस्। Identify fungal, bacterial, viral diseases and pests with organic and chemical treatments.
Blossom End Rot (BER) in tomato and pepper — dark sunken leathery brown/black area at blossom end of fruit. Tip burn on inner leaves of cabbage and lettuce. Distorted crinkled young leaves with brown margins. Hollow or bitter pit in apple.
Irregular watering causing calcium uptake fluctuations; excessive potassium or ammonium nitrogen fertilizer competing with calcium uptake; high evaporation rates; insufficient calcium in acidic sandy soils.
Maintain consistent soil moisture with mulching and drip irrigation; apply lime to acidic soils (pH < 5.5); avoid excessive potassium or ammonium nitrogen; side-dress with calcium nitrate.
Interveinal chlorosis on YOUNG new leaves — leaf tissue between veins turns bright yellow or white while veins remain distinctly green (network pattern). Severe cases: entire young leaves become pale cream-white. Unlike nitrogen deficiency, old leaves remain green.
Iron unavailability despite iron being present in soil — most common in calcareous (alkaline, pH > 7) soils where iron precipitates. Also caused by waterlogging, excessive phosphorus or manganese, or bicarbonate-rich irrigation water.
Maintain soil pH 5.5-6.5 by applying sulfur or organic matter; avoid waterlogging; use drip irrigation with slightly acidified water; grow iron-efficient crop varieties.
Uniform light green to pale yellow discoloration (chlorosis) starting systematically on older bottom leaves; stunted slow spindly growth.
Sandy leaching soils, heavy prolonged monsoon rains washing away nitrates; insufficient decomposed compost.
Incorporate 15-20 metric tons/hectare well-decomposed farmyard manure (FYM); green manuring with Dhaincha or Sunnhemp.
Marginal scorch and necrosis (burnt edges) on older leaves; weak stems prone to lodging; uneven fruit ripening with pale coloration.
Low soil potassium reserves, sandy soils with heavy leaching, or high magnesium/calcium imbalance competing with K uptake.
Soil testing; basal incorporation of Muriate of Potash (MOP) or Potassium Sulfate during land preparation.
Characteristic purple or reddish-purple coloring on undersides and sometimes upper surfaces of leaves due to anthocyanin accumulation. Stunted growth, delayed maturity, and poor root development. Dark green dull coloration of older leaves before purpling.
Low soil phosphorus levels, cold soil temperatures (phosphorus uptake stops below 10 degrees C), acidic soils (pH < 5) or very alkaline soils (pH > 8) where phosphorus is fixed and unavailable, and compacted soils limiting root growth.
Apply rock phosphate or single super phosphate (SSP) as basal dose before planting; maintain soil pH 6.0-7.0 for optimal phosphorus availability; deep tillage to improve root penetration.
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